Essay about Comparison of Urban Sociological Theories

Comparison of Urban Sociological Theories In order for an urban sociologist to discover â€Å"How urban societies work,† theories of â€Å"urban ecology† or â€Å"political economy† are used as a guide in their research. Urban ecology refers to the importance of social structure and social organization as shaping social life in the city. Urban ecologist concerns for social order, social cohesion, community ties and social differentiation offer key insight to how societies work (Kleniewski, 2001). Alternatively political economy stresses the use of power, domination and resources in the shaping of cities (Kleniewski, 2001). Urban sociologists’ theoretical approach to research questions is based on fundamental assumptions that they find most useful for†¦show more content†¦He believed that social interactions in modern industrial cities were impersonal and fragmented. He believed that factors such as size, density, and heterogeneity were responsible for social relations found in cities (Kl eniewski, 2001). This theory of human ecology was used to study human behavior such as, lives of gang members, homeless people and immigrants and to study changing land uses over time in order to show how the different populations of the city adapt to and compete for territories (Kleniewski, 2001. In comparison to urban ecology, political economy is concerned with how urban societies work. Although, political economist developed different understandings and interpretations of how urban societies actually work. In the 1970’s the city had many social problems which included welfare, unemployment and tax inflations. Theorist of political economy, Marx, Engels and Weber viewed the city as a site of struggle due to unequal distribution of resources (Kleniewski, 2001). Therefore in contrast to the urban ecology theory of humans being immediately dependent on their environment, the theory of political economy stresses that the city relies not only on its environment but its social arrangement, economic and political functions. Also in contrast to urban ecology, residential patterns are not only influenced by humans just adapting to their natural environment butShow MoreRelatedChoosing Selves : The Salience Of Parental Identity811 Words   |  4 Pagesselecting a college is co mplicated than policy making, this study bridged the gap by relying on ethnographic data from middle-class parents in a large city who were considering sending their children to a diverse neighborhood public school. From a sociological perspective, the authors examined parents’ choice of a particular, based on consumption (as a social and cultural process) and their own identity construction. This selection process, the author believe, involve parents gathering information aboutRead MoreThe Development of the Chicago Schools1684 Words   |  7 Pagesfindings have shaped our understanding of crime in the 21st century. Firstly by introducing the Chicago School theory, also known as the, Theory of Social Disorganisation and the Ecological School Theory. The University of Chicago formed a department of Sociology in 1892 its focus related to issues in Criminology and Sociology, with interests in and towards Social Psychology along with Urban Sociology. The main focus of the Chicago school was that human behaviour was both formed and shaped by theRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Control Theory1668 Words   |  7 Pagessocialization leads to nonconformity. Both theories are traced from the Sociological Criminology. Sociological Criminology was developed by Emile Durkheim in which he thought crime had a relation to social and environmental factors. According to Siegel (2105), â€Å"Durkheim thought that crime was normal because it is virtually impossible to imagine a society in which criminal behavior is absent† (p.11). Social control is a sub theory of Social process theory. Social process theory focuses its attention on socializationRead MoreSuicide Among Women : China s Suicide Rate1354 Words   |  6 Pagesaround 3:1. Law and Pozi also found this ration to be the same for rural to urban suicides. Young females suicides in rural areas of China were a major contribution to suicide rates of China during 1990s. This may be due to the cultural-socioeconomic disadvantages that Chinese rural females hold. In this essay, the possible causes for such high rates in young females suicides in rural China will be explored and comparison as well as connections will be made to Sociologist and Philosopher Emile Durkheim’sRead MoreAnalysis of Marx, Weber, and Durkheims Views Essay1223 Words   |  5 PagesThe sociological views of  the three founding fathers; Karl Marx,  Max Weber, and  Emile Durkheim  all assert that various aspects of our lifestyle are fully a product of the society in which we live. Each theorist views the impact of society and its manifestation of our identity in a different way. All three of these men used the Industrial Revolution  and capitalism to shape their theories of social identity, especially the identity created by capitalisms division of labor; the owners of the meansRead MoreSocial Structure And The Occurrence Of Family Homicides1663 Words   |  7 Pages The Significance of Social Structure Theories in the Occurrence of Family Homicides. Colleen M. Mohsinger NCCU CRJU – 3000 WT1 SP’2015 In 2010, Chelsea Diem and Jesenia M. Pizarro set out to determine whether social structure had an influence on the occurrence of familial homicide in any significant fashion. They wanted to analyze the relationships between social disorganization, economic deficiency, and different types of family homicide. Diem and Pizarro (2010) stated in theirRead MoreStudent Vulnerabilities : An Analysis Of College Choice And Access Gaps Faced By Low Income Students Essay2184 Words   |  9 Pagesstudents from lower socioeconomic backgrounds apply, enroll, and complete postsecondary education at lower rates than students from higher income quartiles. Lower income students also apply to and attend less selective and competitive institutions in comparison to higher income students, a phenomenon known as undermatching. Undermatching is more prevalent among low income students whose parents did not attend postsecondary education, are from rural communities, who lack access to college counselling ,Read MoreFalling Back By Jamie Fader1585 Words   |  7 Pageswithin their suburban communities and were now in the process of behavioral change in order to help them reflect and be able to make better decisions which would lead them to a better life. Fader observed these juveniles as they transitioned back to urban Philadelphia where they would resume their daily lives and also struggle to adopt adult masculine roles: â€Å"After these young men demonstrated sufficient change to earn their release or, more typically staff members determined that they had changed asRead MoreCollective Behavior Theories1765 Words   |  8 Pagesbehavior has shaped our everyday lives in more ways than most of us care to think about. Collective behavior is defined as any event in which a group of people engages in unusual behavior. Unusual may have a negative connotation for some, but from a sociological standpoint, as discussed in class, it simply means against the norm. Even more explanatory than that; behavior that falls outside of the normative expectations for a situation and/or participants. In a normal setting, people wouldn’t behave thisRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Cracking The Cornfields : Recruiting Illicit Stimulant Drug User s1300 Words   |  6 PagesSome researchers have explained that the focus in urban areas has led to rural felonies being overlooked (Forsyth Copes, 2014). Studies of crime frequently focus on comparisons among urban areas but rarely examine differences in rural areas. I will summarize and critically review the article â€Å"Cracking the cornfields: Recruiting Illicit Stimulant Drug Users in Rural Ohio by Draus et al (2005). The past researches done on illicit drug use in the urban settings and their fairly-effective recruiting techniques

A Christmas Carol Drama And Movie Comparison - 1018 Words

A Christmas Carol Drama and Movie Comparison â€Å"Greed is a bottomless pit which exhausts the person in an endless effort to satisfy the need without ever reaching satisfaction.†( Erich Fromm) In the story, A Christmas Carol, By Charles Dickens. The main character is a greedy man named Ebenezer Scrooge who has no Christmas spirit. Scrooge starts off in the story with no joy in his life. He is then visited by the ghost of his former coworker, who says that the Scrooge will be visited by three spirits who show him the past, present, and the future. There are many similarities between the drama and the movie. In the movie,(video 1984)Scrooge is taken to the past to see his childhood, and his young adulthood. As a child, he is ignored and hated by his father because he believes that Scrooge killed his wife because she died in childbirth. Past also takes him to see his girlfriend. He sees them at a dance, and he sees them break up, because his girlfriend thinks he cares too muc h about money. Scrooge is them taken to see his girlfriend and her husband and children. That is the life Scrooge would have had if he had stayed with her. The character Past is also a girl in the movie, and Scrooge wakes up from the dream wrestling with the floor rug. Scrooge is taken to the present, he sees the Cratchit feast on there small dinner, but when Mr Cratchit makes a toast to Mr. Scrooge, Mrs. Cratchit doesn t want to toast Mr Scrooge. Present takes Scrooge to see the places where theShow MoreRelatedEssay On Star Wars1985 Words   |  8 Pagesanytime soon. As a result, marketing campaigns must use all mediums available to them to bring their film to the attention of the public. This essay will highlight the marketing strategies used by two films from 2015, Star Wars: The Force Awakens and Carol. To what extent was the marketing of these films successful and were they able to draw viewers to the cinema, focusing primary on the trailers, stars and merchandising. Before going into how the two films mentioned above drew viewers to the cinemaRead MoreAnalysis on Conversation Features. Differenfes Between British and American English16034 Words   |  65 Pagesdates, between 2001 and 2002. Six Feet Under is a black comedy-drama of a group of people, who work in a mortuary, dealing with issues such as relationships, infidelity, and religion. In the episode we have chosen, called Familia, Fisher Sons (the mortuary) arranges a funeral for a gang member (Paco), while Nate (Ruth’s son) is a suspect in an arson and Ruth holds a welcoming dinner for Brenda (Nate’s girlfriend). Teachers is a comedy-drama which is situated mostly in and around a fictional school andRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesbid up its stock market price to make the company more valuable than such long-established firms as Coca-Cola, Hewlett-Packard, Time Warner, ATT, Boeing, Disney, McDonald’s, and General Motors and Ford. INFORMATION BOX COMPARISON OF MICROSOFT AND GOOGLE Table 2.1 Comparison of Microsoft and Google Growth in Revenues from Their Beginnings Microsoft Beginning Went Public Years from Beginning 1975 1986 11 years Revenues (millions) 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Google Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesNumber: 2006933904 Student Edition: ISBN-13: 978-0-495-11873-2 ISBN-10: 0-495-11873-7 ââ€"   To my nephews, Jesse and Luke Smidt, who bet I wouldn’t put their names in this book. R. P. ââ€"   To my wife, Sally, and my daughter, Anna C. O. ââ€"   To Carol, Allie, and Teri. J. D. ââ€"   About the Authors puter Teacher of the Year award in 1988 and received the Siemens Award for Advanced Placement in mathematics in 1999. Chris is a frequent contributor to the AP Statistics Electronic Discussion GroupRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 24 Diagnostic Survey and Exercises 24 Personal Assessment of Management Skills (PAMS) 24 What Does It Take to Be an Effective Manager? 28 SSS Software In-Basket Exercise 30 SCORING KEY AND COMPARISON DATA 42 Personal Assessment of Management Skills 42 Scoring Key 42 Comparison Data 42 What Does It Take to Be an Effective Manager? 43 SSS Software In-Basket Exercise 43 PART I 1 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 45 DEVELOPING SELF-AWARENESS SKILL ASSESSMENT 46 Diagnostic Surveys forRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesQuestions for Review 51 Key Terms 51 52 HRM Workshop 49 Guarding Against Discrimination Practices 65 DID YOU KNOW?: Is a Problem Brewing? 66 Determining Potential Discriminatory Practices 66 The 4/5ths Rule 66 Restricted Policy 66 Geographical Comparisons 67 McDonnell-Douglas Test 67 Responding to an EEO Charge 67 Business Necessity 68 Bona Fide Occupational Qualifications 68 Seniority Systems 68 Selected Relevant Supreme Court Cases 69 Cases Concerning Discrimination 69 Cases Concerning Reverse

Transition Metals Free Essays

Transition Metals 1a) The d-orbitals of a free transition metal atom or ion are degenerate (all have the same energy. ) However, when  transition metals  form  coordination complexes, the d-orbitals of the metal interact with the electron cloud of the ligands  in such a manner that the d-orbitals become non-degenerate (not all having the same energy. ) The way in which the orbitals are split into different energy levels is dependent on the geometry of the complex. We will write a custom essay sample on Transition Metals or any similar topic only for you Order Now Crystal field theory  can be used to predict the energies of the different d-orbitals, and how the  d-electrons  of a transition metal are distributed among them. When the d-level is not completely filled, it is possible to promote and electron from a lower energy d-orbital to a higher energy d-orbital by absorption of a photon of electromagnetic radiation having an appropriate energy. Electromagnetic radiations in the visible region of the spectrum often possess the appropriate energy for such transitions. The magnitude of the splitting of the d-orbitals in a transition metal complex depends on three things: * the geometry of the complex * the oxidation state of the metal * the nature of the ligands(Kotz, J. C 1987) Kotz, J. C. ; Purcell, K. F. Chemical and Chemical ReactivitySaunders: New York, 1987, Chapter 25. Rodgers, G. E. Introduction to Coordination, Solid State, and Descriptive Inorganic ChemistryMcGraw -Hill: New York, 1994, Chapter 4. b. The origin of colour in complex ions containing transition metals Complex ions containing transition metals are usually coloured, whereas the similar ions from non-transition metals aren’t. That suggests that the partly filled d orbitals must be involved in generating the colour in some way. Remember that transition metals are defined as having partly filled d orbitals. Octahedral complexes For simplicity we are going to look at the octahedral complexes which have six simple ligands arranged around the central metal ion. The argument isn’t really any different if you have multidentate ligands – it’s just slightly more difficult to imagine! | When the ligands bond with the transition metal ion, there is repulsion between the electrons in the ligands and the electrons in the d orbitals of the metal ion. That raises the energy of the d orbitals. However, because of the way the d orbitals are arranged in space, it doesn’t raise all their energies by the same amount. Instead, it splits them into two groups. The diagram shows the arrangement of the d electrons in a Cu2+ion before and after six water molecules bond with it. Whenever 6 ligands are arranged around a transition metal ion, the d orbitals are always split into 2 groups in this way – 2 with a higher energy than the other 3. The size of the energy gap between them (shown by the blue arrows on the diagram) varies with the nature of the transition metal ion, its oxidation state (whether it is 3+ or 2+, for example), and the nature of the ligands. When white light is passed through a solution of this ion, some of the energy in the light is used to promote an electron from the lower set of orbitals into a space in the upper set. Each wavelength of light has a particular energy associated with it. Red light has the lowest energy in the visible region. Violet light has the greatest energy. Suppose that the energy gap in the d orbitals of the complex ion corresponded to the energy of yellow light. The yellow light would be absorbed because its energy would be used in promoting the electron. That leaves the other colours. Your eye would see the light passing through as a dark blue, because blue is the complementary colour of yellow. | | | Examples: http://www. chemguide. co. uk/inorganic/complexions/colour. html#top 2. Transition metal compounds are  paramagnetic  when they have one or more unpaired  d  electrons. 15]  In octahedral complexes with between four and seven  d  electrons both  high spin  and  low spin  states are possible. Tetrahedral transition metal complexes such as  [FeCl4]2? are  high spin  because the crystal field splitting is small so that the energy to be gained by virtue of the electrons being in lower energy orbitals is always less than the energy needed to pair up the spins. Some c ompounds are  diamagnetic. These include octahedral, low-spin,  d6  and square-planar  d8  complexes. In these cases,crystal field  splitting is such that all the electrons are paired up. Ferromagnetism  occurs when individual atoms are paramagnetic and the spin vectors are aligned parallel to each other in a crystalline material. Metallic iron and the alloy  alnico  are examples of ferromagnetic materials involving transition metals. Anti-ferromagnetism  is another example of a magnetic property arising from a particular alignment of individual spins in the solid state (. adapted from ‘’Transition Metalsa,’’ 2012, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Transition_metal#Coloured_compounds) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Transition_metal#Coloured_compounds) 3. Catalytic properties The transition metals and their compounds are known for their homogeneous and heterogeneous  catalytic  activity. This activity is ascribed to their ability to adopt multiple oxidation states and to form complexes. Vanadium(V) oxide (in the  contact process), finely divided  iron  (in the  Haber process), and  nickel  (in  Catalytic hydrogenation) are some of the examples. Catalysts at a solid surface involve the formation of bonds between reactant molecules and atoms of the surface of the catalyst (first row transition metals utilize 3d and 4s electrons for bonding). This has the effect of increasing the concentration of the reactants at the catalyst surface and also weakening of the bonds in the reacting molecules (the activation energy is lowering). (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Transition_metal#Coloured_compounds). The d orbitals are what give transition metals their special properties. In transition metal ions the outermost d orbitals are incompletely filled with electrons so they can easily give and take electrons. This makes transition metals prime candidates for catalysis. Transition metal catalysts can be very useful for oxidation/reduction reactions because their outer electrons are especially susceptible to oxidation and reduction. If an oxidized transition metal runs into a molecule it can take electrons from that molecule, thereby oxidizing the molecule. If a reduced transition metal runs into a molecule it can give the molecule electrons and reduce it. Because transition metals are easier to oxidize and reduce than other elements, this process goes faster! Transition metals can both lend electrons to and take electrons from other molecules. By giving and taking electrons so easily, transition metal catalysts speed up reactions. (http://www. chemeddl. org/resources/TSTS/Stahl/Stahl9-12/Transitionorbitals9to12. html) Transition metals as catalysts Iron in the Haber Process The Haber Process combines hydrogen and nitrogen to make ammonia using an iron catalyst. Nickel in the hydrogenation of C=C bonds This reaction is at the heart of the manufacture of margarine from vegetable oils. However, the simplest example is the reaction between ethene and hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst. Transition metal compounds as catalysts Vanadium(V) oxide in the Contact Process At the heart of the Contact Process is a reaction which converts sulphur dioxide into sulphur trioxide. Sulphur dioxide gas is passed together with air (as a source of oxygen) over a solid vanadium(V) oxide catalyst. Iron ions in the reaction between persulphate ions and iodide ions Persulphate ions (peroxodisulphate ions), S2O82-, are very powerful oxidising agents. Iodide ions are very easily oxidised to iodine. And yet the reaction between them in solution in water is very slow. The reaction is catalysed by the presence of either iron(II) or iron(III) ions. * http://www. chemguide. co. uk/inorganic/transition/features. html#top 4. Test For Gases Ions : http://www. pearsonschoolsandfecolleges. co. uk/Secondary/Science/14-16forEdexcel/EdexcelIGCSEBiologyChemistryPhysics/Samples/ChemistryRevisionGuide/ChemistryRevisionGuideChapter16. pdf Also Refer to Slide ! How to cite Transition Metals, Essay examples

Asset Maintenance Management

Question: Discuss about the Asset Maintenance Management. Answer: Introduction Most of the milling machines are very versatile as a result of the fact that majority are used while on a flat surface. Therefore, the users should apply a diversified mechanism of ensuring that they are well maintained so as to uphold their ability to perform numerous activities. This document applies to all students, staff and the faculty of engineering and also other people who wish to use Bridgeport Interact 412 Milling Machine. Figure 1.1 shows the vertical image of a Bridgeport Interact 412 Milling Machine. Figure 1.1 It is made up of on and off switch whose primary function is putting on and off the machine. However, its usage can also be applied in changing the direction of the spindle. It is also fitted with brakes whose work is stopping rotating rod immediately after turning off the machine. Another component is the quill knob whose function is locking quill at its prescribed height. Additionally, it has a power drawbar used for removing or inserting of the collet from the spindle of the machine. Besides, it has a vice which is used for clamping pieces of work onto the milling machine table. Apart from the functional parts, it has x-axis alarms used in indicating for course of work being performed by the milling machine. Such indicators change color depending on the message in which it entails to pass to the operator (Boglietti et al., 2016). The parts named and their functions synchronized together forms the basis through which this type of milling machine works. This device is made in such a way that immediately the on and off switch is directed on the course of action; it ignites the entire system to run or stop as long as everything else is in place. During work, one should ensure that all the guards exist to avoid the accidents since working using this device is fatal. It has to be operated by one person at ago so as to prevent confusion since this may lead to perils if not well planned and it should perform a small task at ago. Safety procedures In any working environment, one should ensure that security is paramount. Working using Bridgeport Interact 412 Milling Machine is quite hazardous in that it has some sharp cutters which can cause massive damage to the user. Moreover, this machine has numerous moving components, and the majority of them are in a metallic state. Therefore, it is incumbent to outline that one should be very carefully working and walking around to minimize damages (Vlez-Reyes, Verghese Fliess, 2016). More so, Metals being grounded can cause eye injury since some may release some small form of metals which may lead to partial or even permanent loss of eyesight. The chemical used in cleaning and removing of corrosions from metals can irritate the skin, and thus one should wear protective clothes at the workplace to counter this menace. The hair and the clothes should be held tight so as to avoid conduct with the metals and the reagents used since this can be fatal (Blasen Lane, 2016). A lot of emphases should be put on personal safety since this is the primary level of care in the industry. One should always wear protective classes so as to avoid coming into conduct with uncertainties in the premise. Additionally, the required footwear must be worn at all the time to prevent piercing from objects. Likewise, one should avoid wearing of rings and the jeweler since they can easily lead to problems since they are metallic hence good conductors of heat. Furthermore, long hair and loose clothes should be avoided (O'neal, Meiss, Caterpillar, 2016). Raw material and wastes product is another area in which the traders should factor while using milling machines. Since the majority of the milling companies deal with metals, it is important for them to collect waste products from residential resulting from tear and wear of households such has cups and plates. They can use to make other valuable material by melting them and thus minimizing of the environmental degradation. This raw material s hould be handled with care by people with technical know-how since they are quite dangerous. The equipment should be lubricated from now and then so as to ensure smooth flow of work at the same time ensuring that the prevention of tools from rust. Grease and oil should be applied from time so as to achieve longevity of the system. Identification of critical machine parameters Parameters to be implemented in this form of milling machine has to work hand in hand with the intended subject matter of coming up with quality output. Therefore, the considerations factored have all the ingredients for an exceptional result. The machine should be fitted with precision KURT model 675. It has been established that this type is easy to set apart and thus one can constantly check what is taking place during grinding (Ahmad Plapper, 2015). Moreover, it is made up of chips which do not fall on top or underneath the parallels easily. Consequently, its management becomes a symbol task in that one cannot concentrate too much on checking for their functionality from time to time. The parts produced as a result of the working standard of this machine are thus perfected leading to accuracy and quality output. Additionally, the squaring stock and face milling of Bridgeport Interact 412 Milling Machine should be created a way that its base is flat (Rasouli Lagoa, 2017). This p roperty is crucial since it enables one to produce the parts which are standard in both quality and shape. They usually work for end mills up to 750mm in diameter. Besides, this parameter enables one to grind any material in different forms, and thus cases of having to buy a different milling machine whenever one wants to make several shapes are eradicated. In a nutshell, it is viewed has very economical and quality and thus one has to observe this feature before making purchases entailing milling machines. Apart from that, an excellent milling machine has to apply the usage of clean cutting fluids. Different fluids are designed to provide the correct amount of lubricity, increased tool lifespan, cooling and better surface finish. To obtain the prescribed qualities, one has to ensure that all fluids are thoroughly washed, and when removing the machine from the lubricant, it must be dry so as to prevent corrosion (Mannodi-Kanakkithodi, Pilania Ramprasad, 2016). For instance, A9 cutt ing fluids are used in the cleaning of the aluminum and other soft metals so as to reduce the chances of making them rough. Likewise, accurate cutting should be employed in Bridgeport Interact 412 Milling Machine. It is prudent to underscore that collet or drill chuck should be utilized in milling tools since they are sharp and they do not leave marks on the products. R8 mill collet can hold end mills, fly cutters, boring hearing, shell mills and the counter bores giving them added the advantage of being a major constituent of Bridgeport Interact 412 Milling Machine since it improves its efficiency (Zhang et al. 2016). What's more, a device should be equipped with a long lasting Digital Read Out (DROs) since they play an integral part for accuracy positioning. It is made up of X and Y axis both having an accuracy index of 0.0001. The closeness to zero range is to enhance the quality of the metals produced during the milling work. maintenance producers Like any other machine, Bridgeport Interact 412 Milling Machine requires a routine maintenance to upload a sound output and also a have the capability to last for long duration. Moreover, the support applied helps the company or the owner in reducing costs incurred during the breakdown. Primarily, Bridgeport Interact 412 Milling Machine should be isolated from the electric gadgets before the technician carries out the maintenance function (Doi, Uhlmann Marinescu, 2015). The reason is that most of the metals are good conductors of heat and thus in case one carries on with the work before switching or disconnecting the machine from the electricity, one might be electrocuted. Secondly, Rodrguez et al., (2017) states that, the backlash adjustment should take place. The Endeavour should be done by a specialist since it is quite technical for someone without the knowledge of machines. In this stage, one should crack the fable to the left withdrawing of screw A' a turn. This technique wil l ensure that the machine opens smoothly preventing any undue breakage of other parts of the component (Soori, Arezoo Habibi, 2016). After that, one should tighten screw B' so as to hold the entire system well in place and avoid collapsing of other parts which are intact. After that, one should lock screw A' to B' to avoid losing of the bolts. It should be done weekly. The second procedure is the replacement of Vee and Timing Belt. This area is achieved by isolating of the machine and removing of the belt guards, motor and the drawbar followed by lowering of the quill and removal of the six screw type A' (zceylan, Kabak Da?deviren, 2016). The belts may or not be changed depending on their condition. After that, one refits the belt guards and closes the machine. It should be done weekly by an expert. The third procedure entails brake shoe replacement. One should begin by removing of two screws A' and two screws B' and pushing of the bearing hub to twist C' for efficiency purposes during the task. Afterwards, one should remove three screws from D' and replace the brake shoe to ensure friction of the device is maintained accordingly (Tai et al., 2014). Finally lock pin D' tightly by using of washers and the nuts. This step should be carried by a technician after every one month thus should be planned accordingly. Fourthly, a technician should balance spring replacement in the device. One can achieve this by applying a lock on the quill at the top to counter movement. It is followed by the removal of key C', hub B' and screws A' and D' which will provide room for free housing rotation thus releasing spring tension. Housing B' should be rotated anti-clockwise from the head casting position and refitting of the spring to the main house. This part is quite time-consuming and technical thus services of a machine operator should be employed. It has to be planned after every two months (Ostadi Saifpanahi, 2017). The fifth procedure entails feet trip adjustment which involves releasing of the lock nut A' and engaging of trip handle C'. The nuts should be on the top of the quill and adjusting of screw D' until C' trips. This routine should be done anytime by the operator thus predictive task. The sixth step entails collecting of the aligning screws. It is done by removing of screws A', C' and collect ing alignment D'. Later on, one should replace these bolts with a set of new ones. One should avoid over tightening since it can lead to breakage. It can be done monthly by the milling operator and should not be planned as such. Quill removal is the seventh procedure and entails isolation of the machine, removal of belt guards, motor, drawbar, fully extended quill, three nuts A', one screw B' from the top of the quill, dock spring housing C' and refitting of the belt guards. After that, one should clean the entire system and reassemble it before checking if the machine works properly. This operation should be planned and done by a professional after every six months (Pavlovic Fragassa, 2016). The final course of action is the changing of the gear case oil by draining and refilling it after the first two months of operations and after that twice yearly. The plugs have to be replaced with proper oils so as to ensure its flow is well. It should be a planned task and has to be done by a mechanic. Troubleshooting procedures One of the major problems which occur during the operations Bridgeport Interact 412 Milling Machine is the Positioning accuracy. It occurs has a result of the failure in the integration of the x and y axis by having an accuracy level between 0.0003 and 0.0005 causing the output produced to have a significant large deficiency index. It usually occurs at the Digital Read Out (DROs). This problem can be solved by making x and y-axis to have an accuracy level of 0.0001 for the two axis. Therefore, troubleshooting this stress is a must since for any output realized to be quality it must have an accuracy index of 0.0001. It is achieved by the fitting of the equipment with an electronic display which is easily monitored and can detect problems as soon as it occurs because they are computerized. Besides, improper tools are also one of the faults experienced in running of the milling machine. The operator observes burn marks on the edges of the material. It can be deduced from the point of view that it resulted from a blunt object or a cutting lube. The output could be seen with raised marks and rough edges. It takes place in the feed speeds. Novak et al. (2017) reiterates that, increasing feed speed can solve this problem through applying of the lubrications on them. This will lead to an increased speed at which the machine operates and thus reducing the productivity of the milling system. Moreover, the parts can be sharpened since it takes time for a blunt object to complete a task and by the date of completing it, a lot of unsightly marks are left on the edges of the materials. Besides, improper programming has also been indicated as one of the major faults in the milling machine. This issue in most cases arises when new employees are left on their own to perform the tasks (Hamzadayi Yildiz, 2016). The matter arises because most of them are not aware of the cutting errors involved. It occurs in the face milling and the squaring stock of the machine. The menace can be solved by ensuring that the new employees are knowledgeable on the matters to do with the proper setting of the squaring stock and the face milling parameters. Moreover, the calibration data, offset information captured by the DROs is correct, and compensation data within the milling machine is in line with the functionalism of the Bridgeport Interact 412 Milling Machine. The drive belt multifunction is also another fault experienced by the owners of the Bridgeport Interact 412 Milling Machine. It is detected by the slow moving of different components making up of the grinding machine. The matter can result from reduced output received since the material obtained of various shapes from the usual ones. It normally takes place in drive belt area. It is important for the operator to change the belt since it might be worn out. Besides, one can also check on the screws because they might be loose or too tight thus inhibiting the functionalism of the machine. 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